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Research Article

Voice conversion and cloning: psychological and ethical implications of intentionally synthesising familiar voice identities

Open ORCID profile in a new windowCarolyn McGettigan*Carolyn McGettigan*

Carolyn McGettigan is a psychologist and neuroscientist researching the perception and expression of voices, including aspects of speech, emotions, and identity. They are Chair in Speech and Hearing Sciences at UCL, and a principal investigator in the Vocal Communication Laboratory (https://vocolab.net). In 2023–24, Professor McGettigan held a Mid-Career Fellowship from The British Academy, investigating the psychology and ethics of voice clones.

c.mcgettigan@ucl.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowSteven BlochSteven Bloch

Steven Bloch is a speech and language therapist and conversation analyst researching interactions between people with progressive speech loss, arising from conditions like motor neurone disease, and their communication partners. He is Chair in Communication and Social Interaction at UCL, Head of the Department of Language and Cognition, and co-lead of the UCL Better Conversations lab.

s.bloch@ucl.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowCennydd Bowles§Cennydd Bowles§§

Cennydd Bowles is a technology ethicist, author of Future Ethics, and recently a Fulbright Scholar at Elon University, North Carolina. His research interests include manipulation and deception within AI systems, the use of futures methods to provoke moral imagination, and the ethics of product experimentation.

cennydd@cennydd.com

,
Tanvi DinkarTanvi Dinkar

Tanvi Dinkar is a Research Associate at Heriot-Watt University, researching safety and ethics in generative AI. She is particularly interested in how online spaces affect offline lives, especially for women and girls, including work on online gender-based violence, deceptive human-likeness of chatbots, and AI-driven beauty standards. She completed her PhD in Computer Science at Institut Polytechnic with a Marie-Curie Scholarship, and holds MSc degrees in Linguistics and Informatics, both from the University of Edinburgh.

t.dinkar@hw.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowNadine LavanNadine Lavan

Nadine Lavan is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at Queen Mary University of London. Nadine’s work examines voice perception, with a focus on exploring how listeners makes sense of who they are talking to. As part of this work, Nadine has therefore asked questions such as: how do listeners recognise a familiar person from their voice, how do we become familiar with a voice, and how do we form first impressions?

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowJonathan Chaim ReusJonathan Chaim Reus

Jonathan Chaim Reus (he/they) is a multidisciplinary artist, musician, and researcher exploring how sonic technologies (particularly AI and data-driven voice technologies) transform bodies, communities, and identities. He is an affiliate researcher at the University of Sussex’s Experimental Music Technologies Lab, the Sussex Digital Humanities Lab, and the University of Iceland’s Intelligent Instruments Lab. Jonathan was recently the creative lead on the S+T+ARTS EU-funded DADAsets project, and received the KONTINUUM commission for generative radio art.

j.reus@sussex.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowVictor RosiVictor Rosi

Victor Rosi is a researcher in cognitive science and audio signal processing, exploring how identity—particularly gender—is expressed and perceived through the voice. He currently holds a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship, studying the acoustic and perceptual cues of gender-diverse voices.

v.rosi@ucl.ac.uk

Abstract

Voice identity conversion and cloning technologies use artificial intelligence to generate the auditory likeness of a specific human talker’s vocal identity. Given the deeply personal nature of voices, the widening availability of these technologies brings both opportunities and risks for human society. This article outlines key concepts and findings from psychological research on self-voice and other-voice perception that have a bearing on the potential impacts of synthetic voice likenesses on human listeners. Additional insights from speech and language therapy, human–computer interaction, ethics, and the law are incorporated to examine the broader implications of emergent and future voice cloning technologies.

Keywords

voice identityvoice synthesisartificial intelligencevoice perceptionpsychologyethics

Related Articles

Research article

Normal View Dyslexic View

Voice conversion and cloning: psychological and ethical implications of intentionally synthesising familiar voice identities

Open ORCID profile in a new windowCarolyn McGettigan*Carolyn McGettigan*

Carolyn McGettigan is a psychologist and neuroscientist researching the perception and expression of voices, including aspects of speech, emotions, and identity. They are Chair in Speech and Hearing Sciences at UCL, and a principal investigator in the Vocal Communication Laboratory (https://vocolab.net). In 2023–24, Professor McGettigan held a Mid-Career Fellowship from The British Academy, investigating the psychology and ethics of voice clones.

c.mcgettigan@ucl.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowSteven BlochSteven Bloch

Steven Bloch is a speech and language therapist and conversation analyst researching interactions between people with progressive speech loss, arising from conditions like motor neurone disease, and their communication partners. He is Chair in Communication and Social Interaction at UCL, Head of the Department of Language and Cognition, and co-lead of the UCL Better Conversations lab.

s.bloch@ucl.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowCennydd Bowles§Cennydd Bowles§§

Cennydd Bowles is a technology ethicist, author of Future Ethics, and recently a Fulbright Scholar at Elon University, North Carolina. His research interests include manipulation and deception within AI systems, the use of futures methods to provoke moral imagination, and the ethics of product experimentation.

cennydd@cennydd.com

,
Tanvi DinkarTanvi Dinkar

Tanvi Dinkar is a Research Associate at Heriot-Watt University, researching safety and ethics in generative AI. She is particularly interested in how online spaces affect offline lives, especially for women and girls, including work on online gender-based violence, deceptive human-likeness of chatbots, and AI-driven beauty standards. She completed her PhD in Computer Science at Institut Polytechnic with a Marie-Curie Scholarship, and holds MSc degrees in Linguistics and Informatics, both from the University of Edinburgh.

t.dinkar@hw.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowNadine LavanNadine Lavan

Nadine Lavan is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at Queen Mary University of London. Nadine’s work examines voice perception, with a focus on exploring how listeners makes sense of who they are talking to. As part of this work, Nadine has therefore asked questions such as: how do listeners recognise a familiar person from their voice, how do we become familiar with a voice, and how do we form first impressions?

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowJonathan Chaim ReusJonathan Chaim Reus

Jonathan Chaim Reus (he/they) is a multidisciplinary artist, musician, and researcher exploring how sonic technologies (particularly AI and data-driven voice technologies) transform bodies, communities, and identities. He is an affiliate researcher at the University of Sussex’s Experimental Music Technologies Lab, the Sussex Digital Humanities Lab, and the University of Iceland’s Intelligent Instruments Lab. Jonathan was recently the creative lead on the S+T+ARTS EU-funded DADAsets project, and received the KONTINUUM commission for generative radio art.

j.reus@sussex.ac.uk

,
Open ORCID profile in a new windowVictor RosiVictor Rosi

Victor Rosi is a researcher in cognitive science and audio signal processing, exploring how identity—particularly gender—is expressed and perceived through the voice. He currently holds a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship, studying the acoustic and perceptual cues of gender-diverse voices.

v.rosi@ucl.ac.uk